Review ArticleInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical InvestigationVol. 16 | Issue 3 | 2026 | pp. 808–825Open access
Preclinical Models of Hepatic Injury: A Comprehensive Review of Chemically, Immunologically, and Pharmacologically Induced Liver Damage in Rat Models
- 1,
- 1*,
- 2,
- 3,
- 4,
- 5,
- 6,
- 7,
- 8,
- 9
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha College of Pharmacy, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Saveetha Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.
- 2 School of Pharmacy, ITM University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, INDIA.
- 3 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SNS College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.
- 4 Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Malla Reddy Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Malla Reddy Vishwavidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Secunderabad, Telangana, INDIA.
- 5 KL Business School, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA.
- 6 Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics, Quest Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., Position - Lead Clinical Trials, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.
- 7 Department of Pharmacy Practice, Vijaya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences for Women, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA.
- 8 Department of Pharmacy Practice, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA.
- 9 Department of Pharmaceutics, Malla Reddy Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Malla Reddy Vishwavidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Secunderabad, Telangana, INDIA.
Published in International Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
Correspondence: Ramaiyan Velmurugan
Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha College of Pharmacy, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Saveetha Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.
Email: velmuruganr.scop@saveetha.com
Copyright: © 2026 Manuscript Technomedia. This is an open access article.
- Published:
- Jan 1, 2026
- Received:
- Mar 23, 2026
- Accepted:
- May 19, 2026
- DOI:
- 10.5530/ijpi.20260603
How to cite
Ravikumar, L., Velmurugan, R., Surendra, G., Sivasubramanian, P., Reddy, K. T. K., Hanumanthu, K. D., Venkateswararao, R., Bellapu, D., Babu, R. H., & Swetha, M. (2026). Preclinical Models of Hepatic Injury: A Comprehensive Review of Chemically, Immunologically, and Pharmacologically Induced Liver Damage in Rat Models. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation, 16(3), 808–825. https://doi.org/10.5530/ijpi.20260603
Abstract
The hepatic organ plays a vital role in maintaining the body's homeostasis by facilitating intricate biochemical reactions. Hepatic impairment, a pervasive condition in diverse liver disorders, poses considerable challenges due to its propensity for recurrence and potential to progress to debilitating conditions, including fibrotic scarring, cirrhotic degeneration, and hepatic failure or malignancy. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms and develop efficacious therapeutic strategies, it is crucial to establish a murine model that accurately recapitulates the clinical manifestations and pathophysiological processes of liver damage. The goal of this study is to present a thorough analysis of the many liver damage models, encompassing chemically induced, immune-mediated, alcohol-related, and drug-induced paradigms, with a focus on their methodologies, molecular mechanisms, and relative merits and limitations. By developing robust animal models, researchers can investigate novel hepatoprotective interventions and garner valuable insights into the management of liver damage disorders, thereby enhancing patient care and outcomes.
Keywords
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Article metadata
| Title | Preclinical Models of Hepatic Injury: A Comprehensive Review of Chemically, Immunologically, and Pharmacologically Induced Liver Damage in Rat Models |
|---|---|
| Authors | Lokeshvar Ravikumar; Ramaiyan Velmurugan; Grandhi Surendra; P Sivasubramanian; Konatham Teja Kumar Reddy; Kanaka Durga Hanumanthu; R Venkateswararao; Dhanush Bellapu; Ramenani Hari Babu; Medishetti Swetha |
| Affiliations | Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha College of Pharmacy, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Saveetha Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.; School of Pharmacy, ITM University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, INDIA.; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SNS College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Malla Reddy Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Malla Reddy Vishwavidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Secunderabad, Telangana, INDIA.; KL Business School, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA.; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics, Quest Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., Position - Lead Clinical Trials, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Vijaya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences for Women, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA.; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA.; Department of Pharmaceutics, Malla Reddy Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Malla Reddy Vishwavidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Secunderabad, Telangana, INDIA. |
| Corresponding author | velmuruganr.scop@saveetha.com |
| Journal | International Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation |
| Volume / Issue | Vol. 16, Issue 3 (2026) |
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