Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effects of Bixa orellana Chloroform Extract

Background

Inflammation is a critical defence mechanism employed by the body in response to injury, infection, or harmful stimuli. While Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used to manage pain and inflammation, their prolonged use is often associated with adverse effects, including gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and renal complications. Consequently, there is a growing interest in exploring alternative therapeutic strategies. Among these, plant-derived natural compounds have garnered significant attention due to their rich content of bioactive constituents with potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the preliminary phytochemicals, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities of the Chloroform Extract of Bixa orellana leaves (CEBO).

Materials and Methods

Leaves were extracted using cold maceration with chloroform. Preliminary Phytochemical screening was performed to identify key bioactive compounds. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using the carrageenan-induced paw edema model. Analgesic activity was evaluated using Eddy’s hot plate and tail-flick methods. Statistical analysis was done using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test.

Results

Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids and phytosterols. Inflammation was significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner in the carrageenan-induced paw edema model. The extract at 200 mg/kg showed comparable efficacy to indomethacin. CEBO also significantly increased pain threshold in both hot plate and tail-flick tests.

Conclusion

The chloroform extract of Bixa orellana leaves exhibited significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. These findings support its traditional use and suggest the potential for developing Phyto-therapeutic agents. Further studies are recommended to isolate active constituents and explore their mechanisms of action.