Innovative Approaches for the Extraction, Purification, and Quantification of Polyphenols: A Comprehensive Review

Polyphenols are one of the well-known phytochemicals and exist as secondary metabolites in natural products and show numerous physiological effects in all the living organisms due to the presence of simple phenols, aromatic acids, lignans, flavonoids and other bioactive compounds. They prevent several degenerative diseases like cancer, cardiovascular and others hence increased the interest in foods, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. The development of an affordable and cost-effective process for extraction, purification, characterization and quantification of polyphenolics proved challenging because to their complex matrix, structural variety, and interactions with other cellular components. Organic solvents and/or water are the main solvents used to extract, isolate and purify the polyphenols using several methods like MAE, UAE, solid phase extraction, liquid-liquid extraction and purification techniques. Using chemical procedures such as spectrophotometry, chromatography and electrochemical methods, we will be able to detect the presence of phenolics individually and determine their total quantity; bio-analytical techniques are used for clinical samples. This review’s primary goal is to discuss the modern methods of extraction, purification and separation, identification and quantification of phenolics from plant materials and summarize the recent developments for the analysis of clinical samples and various metabolic pathways of polyphenolics in mammalians.